To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond, by Zhang Huan, 1997. Chromogenic print. © Zhang Huan, courtesy Pace Gallery.

Climate

Volume XII, Number 4 | fall 2019

Map

Current Events

Ocean currents and atmospheric winds shape more than trade routes.

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Miscellany

“The movements of the air and water,” wrote French mathematician Joseph Fourier in 1824, “the extent of the oceans, the elevation and form of the surface, the effects of human industry, and all the accidental changes of the earth’s surface modify the temperature of each climate.”

It is the little causes, long continued, which are considered as bringing about the greatest changes of the earth.

—James Hutton, 1795